Liquide Middelen Audit Research

Dutch Cash & Bank Audit Practice — Research Findings

Date: 2026-09-02
Scope: Web research into Dutch audit standards and practice for cash and bank (liquide middelen) verification. Sources are cited where specific; general practice knowledge from professional education materials (studeersnel.nl, auditing.university) is noted as such.

1. NV COS Requirements for Cash/Bank Audit Procedures

1.1 Regulatory Framework

The Nadere Voorschriften Controle- en overige Standaarden (NV COS) are issued by the NBA (Nederlandse Beroepsorganisatie van Accountants) and are directly derived from the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). They are binding for all registered Dutch accountants performing statutory audits.

The core NV COS standards applicable to liquide middelen are:

| Standard | Title | Relevance to Cash/Bank | |---|---|---| | COS 500 | Controle-informatie | Overarching rules on sufficient, appropriate audit evidence | | COS 501 | Controle-informatie — Specifieke overwegingen voor geselecteerde elementen | Specific procedures for particular balance sheet items | | COS 505 | Externe bevestigingen | External confirmations — primary tool for bank balance verification | | COS 330 | Inspelen op ingeschatte risico's | Response to assessed risks; dictates nature/timing/extent of bank procedures | | COS 315 | Risico-inschatting | Identifies fraud risk in cash as a near-inherent risk area |

Source: NBA NV COS overview; NBA COS 505

1.2 COS 505 — Externe Bevestigingen (External Confirmations)

COS 505 is the most operationally significant standard for bank audit work. Its key requirements:

Mandatory consideration: The accountant must consider whether to use external confirmations and must document the reasoning if confirmations are not requested. Citation correction (NV COS full text, datadump 2026-09-03): the duty to consider external confirmations as substantive procedures is an NV COS 330 requirement (§19) — COS 505 §3 only introduces it. NV COS 330 §§A50–A51 supply the considerations, and §A50 notes that bank confirmation requests often also yield evidence for other assertions ("bevestigingsverzoeken voor bankrekeningsaldi omvatten vaak verzoeken om informatie die relevant is voor andere beweringen"). In practice, bank confirmations are considered standard for all engagements with bank balances of audit significance.
Control over the process: The accountant must:
- Determine exactly what information is to be confirmed
- Select the appropriate confirming party (a bank official with direct knowledge of the relevant accounts/arrangements)
- Design the confirmation request so responses are sent directly to the accountant (not via the client)
- Send requests and follow up on non-responses
Positive vs. negative confirmations: Positive confirmations (requiring a direct response confirming or disputing the information) are required where there is heightened risk. Negative confirmations (where silence implies agreement) provide less persuasive evidence and may only supplement, not replace, positive confirmations.
Electronic confirmations: Electronically received confirmations require additional verification of origin and authority of the confirming party (bank), as the risk of interception or manipulation exists.
Non-response procedures: Where a bank does not respond, the accountant must perform alternative procedures (e.g., subsequent cash receipts, bank statements, independent transaction reconstruction).
Reliability principle: External confirmations from banks are considered more reliable than internally produced client information, because they come from an independent external party.

Source: NBA NV COS 505; AccountancyWorld — standaardbankverklaringen; ISA 505 Dutch translation via IBR-IRE

1.3 COS 501 — Specifieke Overwegingen

COS 501 addresses specific audit procedures for particular balance sheet items, including inventories, litigation, and segment information. For liquide middelen, COS 501 reinforces that the accountant applies specifically designed procedures—beyond standard population sampling—for material cash and bank items. In practice, this means 100% coverage of bank accounts (no sampling of accounts) with individual confirmation for each account at a financial institution.

Source: NBA COS 501

1.4 Materiality Treatment

General practice in Dutch audit education and firm methodology: liquide middelen carry a de facto materiality of zero for existence and completeness assertions. This means even a single unaccounted bank account or unrecorded cash balance is considered a reportable finding regardless of amount. This reflects both the high inherent risk of misappropriation and the ease of verification through bank confirmations.

Source: General practice knowledge from Dutch audit education materials (studeersnel.nl, worldsupporter.org/en/chapter/42077)

2. Typical Dutch Liquide Middelen Audit Program Structure

2.1 Standard Assertion Coverage

Dutch audit programs for liquide middelen test the following assertions:

| Assertion | Dutch Term | Primary Procedure | |---|---|---| | Existence | Bestaan | Standaardbankverklaring + bank statements | | Completeness | Volledigheid | Standaardbankverklaring (all accounts listed) + management representation | | Accuracy/Valuation | Juistheid/Waardering | Bank statement reconciliation; FX rate check for foreign currency | | Ownership/Rights | Rechten en verplichtingen | Standaardbankverklaring (pledges, security interests disclosed) | | Presentation/Disclosure | Presentatie en toelichtingen | Classification in balance sheet; restricted accounts separately disclosed |

2.2 Standard Audit Steps — Bankrekeningen

A typical Dutch firm's liquide middelen controleprogramma for bank balances proceeds as follows:

Step 1 — Inventory of all bank accounts

Obtain (or prepare) a list of all bank accounts held by the client at year-end
Cross-reference against prior-year list, general ledger, and the standaardbankverklaring
Any accounts present in prior year but absent in current year must be explained

Step 2 — Standaardbankverklaring (Standard Bank Declaration)

Accountant requests client to instruct the bank to send the SBV directly to the accountant
The SBV is sent with a copy to the client; the client does not handle the original
The SBV covers: all account balances at year-end, credit facilities (kredieten), loans (leningen), security interests and pledges (zekerheden), guarantees given (garanties), authorized signatories (bevoegdheden)
The accountant may not accept a copy provided by the client as primary evidence
Incomplete or unsigned SBVs must be returned to the bank for completion
Since January 2019, major Dutch banks offer digital/XBRL delivery of SBVs directly to accountants' software systems

Step 3 — Bank statement reconciliation

Reconcile the year-end balance per SBV and/or bank statement against the year-end balance per the general ledger
Request the first bank statement of the new year as additional corroboration
Any reconciling items (outstanding cheques, deposits in transit, bank charges) must be traced and cleared

Step 4 — Existence and completeness verification

Verify that all bank accounts are captured in the financial statements
Use the SBV's full account list to confirm no account is omitted from the balance sheet
Confirm restricted balances (G-rekeningen, escrow, derdengelden) are separately disclosed where required

Step 5 — Pledges and encumbrances

Use the SBV to identify any bank accounts pledged as security (verpand) for credit facilities
Verify appropriate disclosure in the notes to the financial statements

Step 6 — Cut-off testing

Examine transactions in the days immediately before and after year-end to identify any unusual movements that could indicate window dressing

Sources: Dutch audit education materials (studeersnel.nl/nl/document/nyenrode/beginselen-accountancy/liquide-middelen-en-debiteuren/13442673); AccountancyVanmorgen — SBV; Rabobank SBV information; SRA instructies SBV

2.3 Standaardbankverklaring — Content Detail

The NBA-standardized form covers:

Rekeningen: All account numbers and year-end balances (credit and debit)
Kredieten: Credit facilities, overdraft limits, utilization
Leningen: Outstanding loan balances
Zekerheden: Security interests (hypotheek, pand, borgtocht) registered against client assets
Garanties: Bank guarantees issued on behalf of the client
Bevoegdheden: Authorized signatories on each account
Overige verplichtingen: Other contingent liabilities or obligations known to the bank

The NBA and the banking sector reached formal agreement on the content and handling of this standardized format. Since 2019, the NBA has been moving toward fully digital/XBRL-format SBVs delivered bank-to-accountant without client intermediation.

Source: NBA — Standaardbankverklaring; AccountancyVanmorgen 2018

3. G-Rekening and Other Restricted Account Types

3.1 G-Rekening — What It Is

A G-rekening (geblokkeerde rekening) is a blocked bank account used in the Dutch construction and temporary staffing (uitzendbureau) sectors. It operates under the Invorderingswet (Tax Collection Act).

Purpose: Principals (inleners/opdrachtgevers) using contractors or temporary staff bear potential chain liability (ketenaansprakelijkheid) for unpaid wage taxes (loonheffingen) and VAT of their subcontractors. The G-rekening system allows principals to ring-fence the tax portion of contractor invoices.

IBAN identification: Dutch G-rekening IBANs are recognizable because the last ten digits always begin with 099, distinguishing them from standard Dutch current accounts.

Permitted transactions: Funds on a G-rekening may only be transferred to:

The tax authority's (Belastingdienst) designated bank account, or
Another G-rekening (of a subcontractor)

The Belastingdienst holds a pledge (pandrecht) over the G-rekening balance.

Deblocking: The account holder may request partial deblocking (deblokkering) if the balance exceeds the actual expected tax liability for the relevant employees/contractors.

Operational rules from the primary Belastingdienst source (scraped 2026-09-02; datadump belastingdienst/g-rekening/g-rekening_aanvragen_gebruiken_muteren_opheffen.txt):

The G-rekening is linked at application time to one or more loonheffingensubnummers and/or omzetbelastingsubnummers; it may only be used to pay the loonheffingen/btw for those subnumbers, including naheffingsaanslagen.
Payments to the Belastingdienst must cite the betalingskenmerk (loonheffingen) or aangiftenummer/betalingskenmerk (btw); without it the Belastingdienst does not know what the payment is for and refunds the amount to the G-rekening.
A G-rekening can only be opened at a bank where the entity already holds a business current account, and requires approval of both the Belastingdienst (Team WKA, Centrale Administratieve Processen, Apeldoorn) and the bank.
ZZP'ers without personnel are refused a G-rekening (they are not inhoudingsplichtig for loonheffingen), even when the principal demands one.
An entity normally holds one G-rekening; a second is granted only when demonstrated necessary for the business operations. A change of rechtsvorm requires a new G-rekening, not a mutation of the existing one.
Deblokkering is possible only for the surplus above the loonheffingen/btw owed; financial handling takes about 2 weeks. Opheffing first settles outstanding taxes (verrekening) before the remainder is paid out and takes 6–8 weeks.

Sources: Betaalvereniging Nederland — G-rekening; Belastingdienst — G-rekening; Please Payroll

3.2 Audit Verification of G-Rekeningen

In audit practice, G-rekeningen require the following specific procedures beyond the standard bank audit program:

Identification: Verify that all G-rekening balances are identified. The IBAN prefix (099) can be used programmatically to flag these accounts.
Restriction disclosure: Confirm that G-rekening balances are presented separately in the balance sheet (not combined with unrestricted cash), or at minimum that the restriction is disclosed in the notes. A G-rekening balance is not freely available to the entity. Statutory anchor (BW2 Titel 9 full text, datadump 2026-09-03): art. 2:372 lid 1 BW defines liquide middelen as "de kasmiddelen, de tegoeden op bank- en girorekeningen, alsmede de wissels en cheques", and lid 2 requires: "Omtrent de tegoeden wordt vermeld, in hoeverre deze niet ter vrije beschikking van de rechtspersoon staan." This is the direct statutory basis for the restricted-balance disclosure that DA-094 supports.
Liquidity assessment: For going-concern or liquidity analysis purposes, G-rekening balances should not be counted as freely available cash.
Balance verification: Obtain the SBV or separate bank statement for the G-rekening. The Belastingdienst pledge will typically also be disclosed in the SBV under zekerheden.
Deblocking requests: If partial deblokkering was applied during the year, examine the formal deblocking applications and Belastingdienst approvals to confirm proper authorization and recording.
Ketenaansprakelijkheid exposure: For the principal (client using the G-rekening system), the auditor considers whether sufficient funds were deposited to the G-rekening to cover estimated tax liabilities—relevant to completeness of provisions. The Belastingdienst notes two complementary mitigations for the inlener/aannemer: obtaining a verklaring inzake betalingsgedrag of the uitlener/onderaannemer and meeting the administrative recording obligations (vastlegging persoonsgegevens en gewerkte uren) — their presence or absence in the engagement file is relevant audit evidence (Belastingdienst — Inlenersaansprakelijkheid, scraped 2026-09-02).
Usage-pattern verification: Once a G-rekening is identified, verify that all outgoing transfers go to the Belastingdienst (citing a betalingskenmerk or aangiftenummer) or to another G-rekening. Refunds (terugstortingen) received from the Belastingdienst indicate misreferenced payments; transfers to any other counterparty indicate misuse of the blocked account. (Source: Belastingdienst G-rekening page, scraped 2026-09-02.)

Source: Belastingdienst — G-rekening; Bureau Cicero — G-rekening fraude

3.3 Other Restricted Account Types

Derdengeldrekening (Third-Party Funds Account)

A derdengeldrekening is a segregated account held by a regulated professional (notary, lawyer, bailiff, estate agent) to hold client funds that do not belong to the professional themselves. Key audit characteristics:

Protected from the professional's own creditors and bankruptcy estate
Governed by professional regulatory rules (e.g., notarissen under the Wet op het Notarisambt, advocaten under the Advocatenwet)
The professional cannot transfer funds from a derdengeldrekening without authorization from an independent third party (often a Stichting Derdengelden)
In an audit of the professional's firm: the derdengeldrekening balance belongs to third parties and should not appear on the firm's balance sheet as an asset (matched by equal liability)
Specific assurance on derdengeldrekeningen is often provided under a separate NBA practice standard for notaries and lawyers

Sources: accountant.nl — derdengeldrekening notaris; AMS Advocaten — derdengeldenrekening

Waarborgrekening / Escrow Account

A waarborgrekening or escrow account is a blocked account held by a neutral third party (typically a notary in the Netherlands, acting as escrow agent) pending fulfillment of contractual conditions—commonly used in business acquisitions (bedrijfsovernames) and real estate transactions.

Audit procedures:

Verify existence and balance via direct bank confirmation or notary's confirmation
Confirm legal basis and release conditions via review of the escrow agreement
Confirm appropriate balance sheet classification (usually as a restricted receivable or separate line item, not freely available cash)
Consider whether release conditions have been met at year-end, affecting classification as current vs. non-current

Source: Escrow accounts bij bedrijfsovernames — overnameadvies.nl; Wikipedia NL — Escrow

4. Foreign Currency Bank Balances in Dutch Audit Practice

4.1 Accounting Framework — RJ 122 and BW 2:384

Foreign currency bank balances must be translated at the closing rate (balansdatum koers / ultimokoers) on the balance sheet date. This is established in:

BW 2:384 (Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2, art. 384): sets the legal requirement for accounting principles including foreign currency conversion rules
RJ 122 (Raad voor de Jaarverslaggeving — Richtlijnen voor de Jaarverslaggeving): "Prijsgrondslagen voor vreemde valuta" — the Dutch GAAP equivalent guidance on foreign currency transactions and balances

Key RJ 122 rules applicable to bank balances:

Monetary items (cash, bank balances, receivables, payables in foreign currency) are retranslated at the closing rate on the balance sheet date
Exchange differences on monetary items arising at year-end retranslation are generally recognized in the result (winst-en-verliesrekening) for the period
Positive exchange differences on liquid funds at year-end are considered realized under Dutch GAAP (unlike some other items where unrealized gains may be deferred)
Under IAS 7 (for IFRS reporters): liquid assets in foreign currency are translated at closing rate; differences go to profit/loss — aligning with Dutch GAAP treatment for bank balances, though IAS 7 allows netting of short-term bank overdrafts which RJ 360 does not

Sources: accountant.nl — vreemde valuta; RJ-Uiting 2019-7 RJ 122; accountancyvanmorgen.nl — RJ valuta aanpassingen

4.2 ECB Reference Rate Usage

The ECB (European Central Bank) reference exchange rate is the standard reference rate used in Dutch audit and accounting practice for foreign currency translation at year-end. Key characteristics:

Published daily at approximately 16:00 Central European Time for 31 currencies against the euro
The ECB rate is a mid-rate (middenkoers): the neutral reference point, without bank spread
Used in VAT returns, annual accounts, and audit verification as the neutral, official rate
Under Dutch law, banks are required to disclose their rate spread versus the ECB reference rate for certain transactions

Audit procedure for foreign currency bank balances:

Obtain year-end bank statements denominated in the foreign currency
Identify the ECB reference rate for the balance sheet date (e.g., December 31) — available from ECB website historical data
Recalculate the euro equivalent of each foreign currency balance
Compare to the amount recorded in the client's general ledger
Calculate the exchange difference (wisselkoersverschil) and agree to P&L recording
Assess materiality of any unexplained difference

Sources: ECB — valutamarktoperaties; Beursgenoten — ECB Euro rates; berekenhet.nl — ECB wisselkoers

4.3 Common Issues and Audit Focus Areas

Rate selection: Client may use average rate instead of year-end closing rate for balance sheet items — this is incorrect for monetary items under RJ 122
Partial translation: Client may only retranslate some foreign currency accounts and miss others
Netting: Client may net foreign currency gains and losses instead of presenting gross
Materiality threshold: While the overall materiality may be high, systematic translation errors across multiple foreign currency accounts can aggregate to a material amount
Hedge accounting (RJ 290): Where a client applies hedge accounting for foreign currency bank balances (e.g., to hedge a foreign currency loan), the accountant must verify that formal hedge designation, documentation, and effectiveness testing requirements of RJ 290 are met

5. Kascontrole — Standard Cash Control Procedures

5.1 Context

Physical cash (contanten) is increasingly uncommon in Dutch businesses but remains present in retail, hospitality, small services firms, and certain public sector entities. Dutch audit standards require the accountant to perform specific procedures for physical cash balances where material.

5.2 Standard Kascontrole Workflow

The standard Dutch kascontrole (cash control) follows a five-step workflow:

Step 1 — Preparation and role assignment

Establish functiescheiding (segregation of duties): the person performing the count must be different from the person who handles the till daily
Determine the scope (which cash registers, petty cash boxes, etc. are in scope)
Kascontrole should ideally be unannounced (onaangekondigd) to prevent advance preparation by staff

Step 2 — Physical count (fysieke telling)

Count all notes and coins by denomination
Include unprocessed receipts (bonnetjes) and pending transaction slips
Document counts immediately on a standardized kascontroleformulier (cash count sheet)
For organizations with a kassa-afsluiting (daily cash register close-out), the till must be closed and counted at the control moment

Step 3 — Administrative reconciliation (afstemming met kasboek)

Compare the physically counted amount against the kasboek (cash book/ledger)
The kasboek records all cash receipts (ontvangsten) and payments (betalingen) with dates, descriptions, and amounts
The opening balance + receipts − payments should equal the physically counted balance

Step 4 — Variance investigation (kasverschillen)

Any difference between the physical count and the kasboek is a kasverschil (cash discrepancy)
In practice, kasverschillen are rarely the result of one large error; they usually accumulate from small recurring inaccuracies
All variances must be documented; variances above a threshold must be investigated for root cause
Systematic variances over time are a potential fraud indicator

Step 5 — Reporting and follow-up

Report findings to management
Structural issues require process improvements, not just correction entries
The auditor assesses whether the internal controls around cash handling are adequate (functiescheiding, authorization, daily close-out)

Sources: Strategisch Inzicht — kascontrole; e-boekhouden.nl — kasverschil; vergelijk-boekhoudprogramma.nl — kascontrole

5.3 Specific Audit Procedures for Physical Cash

From a statutory audit perspective, the accountant's kascontrole procedures include:

Standard-text anchor (NV COS 240 full text, datadump 2026-09-03): NV COS 240 bijlage 2 lists, among example fraud-response procedures for oneigenlijke toe-eigening van activa, "het tellen van contant geld ... op of tegen de einddatum van het boekjaar" and "het uitvoeren van kasopnames op een onverwacht moment" — the unannounced year-end count in step 1 below is thus literal NV COS example-procedure text, relevant to DA-096.

Year-end surprise count (or as close to year-end as possible): count physical cash and reconcile to the kasboek balance at year-end; roll forward/backward if count is performed on a different date
Kasboek review: scan the full-year kasboek for unusual patterns — large round-number transactions, regular exact-amount entries that could indicate fictitious postings, or missing sequential entries
Kasboek to general ledger reconciliation: trace kasboek totals to the general ledger cash account by period
Segregation of duties assessment: document whether the same person who handles cash also records it and/or authorizes payments — a single person doing all three is a significant control weakness
Petty cash (kleine kas) procedures: verify that petty cash expenditures are supported by receipts (bonnen) and that the petty cash fund is reimbursed through a documented petty cash claim (declaratieformulier) rather than direct cash extraction

5.4 Kascommissie (Cash Oversight Committee)

For associations (verenigingen), foundations (stichtingen), and VvEs (homeowners' associations), a kascommissie performs a role similar to a basic financial audit, specifically focused on cash and bank. The kascommissie:

Verifies bank statements against the kasboek and the reported figures for the general meeting
Checks the opening balance of the current year matches the closing balance of the prior year
Examines whether income and expenditure are properly documented
Is appointed by the general meeting (ledenvergadering) for independence

The kascommissie process is distinct from (and lower assurance than) a statutory audit by a registered accountant.

Source: Congressus — kascommissie; Kleine Goede Doelen — kascommissie

6. Commercial and Open-Source Audit Analytics Tools

6.1 Overview

Several commercial audit analytics platforms include specific functionality relevant to cash/bank audit procedures. Open-source tools are rare in this domain; the major tools are commercial.

6.2 CaseWare IDEA

CaseWare IDEA is one of the most widely used audit data analytics tools in the Netherlands and globally for external audit. Key capabilities relevant to cash/bank:

100% population testing: IDEA analyzes entire transaction populations rather than samples, enabling complete testing of all bank transactions in the period
Duplicate detection: Identifies duplicate payment amounts, payees, dates, or combinations — relevant for detecting fictitious or duplicated bank payments
Benford's Law analysis: Tests whether the leading digits of transaction amounts follow Benford's statistical distribution; deviations can indicate manipulation of bank transaction records or kasboek entries
Stratification and gap analysis: Identifies unusual transaction amounts, gaps in sequential numbering, or transactions clustering just below authorization thresholds
Journal entry testing: For year-end adjustments affecting cash accounts (e.g., reclassifications of restricted balances)
Bank reconciliation verification: Can import bank statements and general ledger data to verify reconciliation completeness

Since 2019, CaseWare has offered digital integration with Dutch banks' SBV delivery systems.

Sources: CaseWare IDEA for External Audit; IEEE — Computer-assisted audit tools in CaseWare IDEA

6.3 ACL / Galvanize (Diligent)

ACL Analytics (now part of Diligent, rebranded Galvanize) is an enterprise-grade data analytics platform used primarily in internal audit and compliance, but also in external audit:

Includes a "Find Money Fast" module incorporating Benford's Law analysis and other financial analytics
Machine learning-based anomaly detection for financial transactions
Continuous monitoring capability for bank account transactions
Primarily used in larger organizations and Big 4 internal audit implementations

Source: Summit Consulting — IDEA vs ACL comparison

6.4 Teammate Analytics (TeamMate+)

TeamMate Analytics (part of Wolters Kluwer) is headquartered in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands, making it a significant Netherlands-based alternative:

Risk-based audit analytics with population analysis capabilities
Used predominantly for internal audit workflows but applicable to external audit analytics
Integrates with TeamMate+ engagement management platform

Source: Summit Consulting — audit analytics comparison

6.5 CaseWare Working Papers (Engagement Software)

Beyond pure analytics, CaseWare Working Papers (widely used in Dutch medium and large firms, as well as NBA MKB guidance) provides:

Standardized electronic working paper templates for liquide middelen audit programs
Bank confirmation request and tracking workflows
Reconciliation lead schedules linking to trial balance

Source: CaseWare BeLux — financial audit

6.6 Benford's Law — Specific Application to Cash/Bank

Benford's Law is specifically applicable to cash and bank transaction datasets because:

Large, naturally occurring transaction populations (payroll, supplier payments) follow Benford's distribution
Fraudulent or manipulated transactions (round amounts, fictitious entries) deviate from the expected distribution
Tools like IDEA, ACL, and even Excel can automate Benford's analysis as a first-pass screening tool

ICAI-recognized (India) and NBA-compatible tools apply this as a standard analytical procedure for high-volume bank transaction testing.

Source: Benford's Law in Audit — catusharmakkar.com; Audimation — audit analytics

7. RJ 360 — Definitie Liquide Middelen (Cash and Cash Equivalents)

For completeness, the Dutch financial reporting definition of liquide middelen under RJ 360 (kasstroomoverzicht):

Geldmiddelen (cash): contanten (physical cash) + direct opvraagbare deposito's (demand deposits at banks)
Equivalenten van liquide middelen: short-term, highly liquid investments readily convertible to a known cash amount, with negligible risk of change in value (typically deposits with original maturity ≤ 3 months)
Key difference from IAS 7: Under RJ 360, only positive liquid assets are included; IAS 7 allows netting of short-term bank overdrafts against liquid assets where they are an integral part of cash management

This definition is audited directly: the auditor reconciles the balance sheet line "liquide middelen" to the verified bank balances (from SBV/bank statements) plus verified physical cash count.

Sources: RJ 360 studeersnel.nl; RJ-Uiting 2023-10 geldmiddelen; accountant.nl — kasstroomoverzichten

8. Summary of Key Practical Points for System Implementation

| Area | Key Audit Check | Standard/Source | |---|---|---| | Bank balance existence | SBV received directly from bank, not via client | COS 505 | | Bank balance completeness | SBV lists all accounts; compare to GL | COS 505 + general practice | | Restricted accounts — G-rekening | IBAN prefix 099; separate disclosure; Belastingdienst pledge in SBV | Invorderingswet; betaalvereniging.nl | | Restricted accounts — derdengelden | Off-balance-sheet; confirm via professional regulator or bank | Wet op Notarisambt, Advocatenwet | | Restricted accounts — escrow | Review release conditions; classify as restricted receivable | General practice | | Foreign currency | ECB closing rate at balance sheet date; gains/losses to P&L | RJ 122; BW 2:384 | | Physical cash | Unannounced count; functiescheiding; kasboek reconciliation | COS 501; general practice | | Analytics — duplicates | IDEA/ACL duplicate detection on full bank transaction population | CaseWare IDEA | | Analytics — Benford | IDEA/ACL Benford's Law screening on bank payment populations | IDEA; ACL | | Analytics — SBV digital | XBRL/digital SBV import from major Dutch banks since 2019 | NBA/AccountancyVanmorgen |

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